废弃茶叶渣对铅离子的吸附研究

采用普通室内吸附实验方法,考察了铅离子原始浓度、加入茶渣量、废水的温度、pH及浸泡时间等对吸附的影响,在研究废水的pH、温度和浸泡时间这3种影响因素时,采用了正交实验法,得出茶叶渣对铅离子最佳的吸附条件.结果表明,当废水的pH为2、温度为60℃、浸泡时间为3 h时,茶叶渣对铅离子的吸附最佳.且废水的pH对吸附效果的影响最大,浸泡时间次之,温度的影响最小.     

丙稀酸甲酯在天然胶乳硫化胶膜表面的接枝共聚

采用氩等离子体激发及紫外辐射引发技术可以使丙稀酸甲酯接枝共聚到天然橡胶硫化胶膜表面。接枝处理硫化胶膜表面接触角测定结果表明,随着接枝反应的进行,较多的聚丙烯酸甲酯接枝到硫化胶膜表面,使硫化胶膜表面接触角显著下降。采用等离子体激发 2 min,紫外光照射 16 min 的处理条件,可使硫化胶膜表面与水的接触角由 105°下降至约 60°。接枝处理硫化胶膜表面形态分析结果表明,接枝后的聚丙烯酸甲酯分子链在硫化胶膜表面互相叠加,使胶膜表面变得粗糙,从而使天然橡胶硫化胶膜表面亲水性能得到改善。     

玉米行间覆膜对低土壤水分的调节利用

通过玉米对低水分环境中土壤水分的分布、利用特点,揭示在低水环境中行间覆膜处理是一种节水途径。结果表明:干旱条件下,行间覆膜处理能较好的维持根系主要层次的土壤含水量在35 mm以上,以供应玉米生长需要。玉米根层水分分布与覆膜方式、土壤水分存有量、根系的调节作用有关。     

浅议污水灌溉带来的问题及对策

近年来我国污水灌溉面积发展较快,但由于盲目灌溉引起严重后果。本文提出了由污水灌溉带来的一些问题及对策。分析指出,污水灌溉要因地制宜、合理规划、灌溉前要对污水进行处理,对水质进行实时监测,且引用污水中有害物质的含量不能超过所灌溉土壤的净化能力。同时,要结合当地水源情况,土壤质地,作物种植的种类及生长阶段等情况,因地制宜,合理地利用污水进行灌溉,这对缓解我国水资源日益紧张的供需矛盾,保护生态环境,提高     

农业废弃物堆腐过程中氧化还原酶活性的变化

【目的】从酶学角度揭示好氧发酵的生物机理。【方法】选择在目前我国数量多、分布广的有机固体废弃物鸡粪和小麦秸秆及花椒籽粕为主要材料,采用堆腐装置,以未添加复合微生物菌剂作为对照(CK),研究复合微生物菌剂(加菌剂处理)对农业废弃物静态高温堆腐过程中氧化还原酶(过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶)活性的影响。【结果】加菌剂处理和CK的过氧化氢酶活性分别在堆腐3和4 d达到峰值(1 705和1 697 mL/g);加菌剂处理和CK的脱氢酶活性分别在堆腐10和12 d达最大值(8.39和6.57μL/g);加菌剂处理和CK的多酚氧化酶活性分别在堆腐18和32 d达峰值(7.33和6.65 mg/g)。从堆腐的整个过程看,随着堆腐时间的延长,加菌剂处理的过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性上升较快,而且这3种酶活性的最大值均比CK高。【结论】添加复合微生物菌剂可以提高堆腐过程中氧化还原酶活性,使酶活性峰值出现的时间提前,对堆腐过程中的物质分解具有促进作用。     

对地膜和秸秆覆盖玉米生长发育与产量的分析

两年盆栽和大田玉米覆盖试验结果表明,秸秆和地膜覆盖都不同程度地增加了玉米株高、茎粗、净光合速率和单株干物质积累量等;地膜覆盖的促进作用在玉米生育前期较大,而秸秆覆盖的作用则主要表现在玉米生育中后期。秸秆和地膜覆盖增产的主要原因均为玉米穗长和穗粒数的增加,在本试验条件下,秸秆和地膜覆盖的增产效应主要表现在拔节至抽雄及雌穗分化发育阶段,而对后期粒重形成影响不大。     

不同覆盖方式对植烟土壤温度和水分及烤烟品质的影响

不同覆盖方式的比较试验结果表明,秸秆与地膜双覆盖能够协调烤烟生长全过程的土壤温度,并且地温日变化幅度小,蓄水保墒作用显著。秸秆单覆盖对土壤性状改良与秸秆和地膜双覆盖相似,烟叶内在化学成分较协调,品质较高,但由于在烤烟生长前期不能提高土壤温度,使得烟叶生长速度较慢,产量下降;地膜单覆盖对土壤性状改良不及秸秆单覆盖和秸秆与地膜双覆盖,秸秆和地膜双覆盖使0~20cm土层含水量平均比露地栽培提高16.82%,比秸秆单覆盖提高6.45%,比地膜单覆盖提高5.43%,而且烟叶成分较协调,产量与产值也较高。     

新疆膜下滴灌棉田土壤有效态氮空间分布特征

棉花膜下滴灌条件下的棉田土壤碱解氮、铵态氮含量变化是,0～10 cm土层与滴灌带垂直水平方向0～75 cm 变化波动最大,其次是10～20 cm土层,20～60 cm变化比较小.硝态氮含量的水平变化有所不同,0～60 cm各层土壤变化均较大;棉花各生育时期土壤垂直向下0～60 cm土层碱解氮含量和盛花期铵态氮含量,由上向下呈比较均匀的直线递减变化,硝态氮含量是0～10 cm土层比10 cm以下高出1倍多,呈陡减变化趋势;膜下滴灌棉田土壤碱解氮含量随棉花生育进程逐渐下降,但在棉花生长发育的整个过程中始终保持在63～81 mg/kg较高水平,这是新疆获得大面积棉花高产的重要原因之一.     

Growth and reproduction of Perionyx excavatus (Perr.) (Megascolecidae) as factors in organic waste management

 The life cycle of Perionyx excavatus has been studied and the potential of this epigeic earthworm species for breaking down and processing organic wastes is well known. Understanding of its optimal environmental requirements is required in order to optimize and accelerate the vermicomposting process. The rates of growth and reproduction of P. excavatus, on a variety of organic wastes, were evaluated in these experiments. The time of maturation and the rates of growth of this species, under various population density pressures and temperatures between 15  °C and 30  °C, were also assessed. Increasing temperatures up to 30  °C accelerated the growth of earthworms and lessened the time to sexual maturity. However, the highest rates of reproduction occurred at 25  °C both in cattle solids and sewage sludge. The mean time to egg hatching decreased and the degree of hatching success increased with increasing temperature. Earthworms grew at similar rates in cattle solids, pig solids and aerobically digested sewage sludge, but the earthworms did not grow well in horse solids and grew only poorly in turkey wastes. The maximum individual growth rates as a function of earthworm population and the maximum earthworm weights as a function of time with a constant food supply at four different temperatures were assessed. Received: 16 July 1997     

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in bulk soil and particle size separates of soils in a rural community

In a rural community (Stephanskirchen, Southern Germany) situated near a waste incineration plant six A horizons were sampled to determine 14 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in bulk soil and particle size separates (clay, silt, fine and coarse sand) and to test the suitability of alkaline saponification for PCB extraction. The PCB concentrations were higher in alkaline saponification extracts than in Soxhlet extracts. However, the extraction efficiency of up to fourfold chlorinated PCBs was lower and more than sevenfold chlorinated PCBs were destroyed. Nevertheless, alkaline saponification was suitable to determine the indicator congeners 28, 52, 101, 138, 152, and 180. The sum of the PCB concentrations ranged from 8.4 to 59.5 μg kg^?1 which was as high as in soils of big cities. However, the concentrations did not reach the threshold value for agricultural purposes of 200 μg kg^?1 as proposed in literature for the sum of the six indicator congeners. The hexachlorinated PCBs 138 and 153 were the most abundant (together > 50% in all samples) whereas PCB 1 could not be detected in any sample. On the average, PCB concentrations increased as particle size decreased. When normalized to C_org, however, the fine sand fraction had the highest PCB concentrations. A slight decrease of lower chlorinated PCBs as particle size decreased indicated an increasing state of degradation. The PCB compositions in the emissions of a comparable waste incineration plant (Bamberg, Bavaria) and in Stephanskirchen soils differed markedly. Therefore, we did not get any indications that waste incineration was a main source of PCBs in the examined soils. Instead, higher chlorinated technical PCB mixtures such as Clophen A 60 or Aroclor 1260 may be the most important sources.